RESUMO
Introduction: the Er,Cr:YSGG laser has a suitable wavelength for the ablation of both hard and soft tissues of the periodontium and can be considered as a potential tool in periodontal surgeries. The current study aimed at evaluating the application of this laser versus conventional instruments in periodontal pocket reduction flap surgery. Methods: Eight patients (16 dental arches) requiring periodontal surgery were included (Trial registration number: IRCT201711129014N199). Using a split-mouth study design, two posterior sextants of a dental arch were randomly allocated into either a test group, open flap debridement periodontal surgery using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser or a control group using the conventional method. Laser parameter settings of a 2780 nm wavelength, H mode (60 µs pulse duration), 25-50 Hz, 2-3.5 W output powers and Air-20%, Water-60-80% were applied and adjusted individually for each step of the flap surgery procedure. Baseline, 1 and 3-month measurements of plaque index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), gingival recession (GR), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded for comparisons. Data were analyzed by a linear model for correlated data using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method and the least significant difference (LSD). Results: In both treatment groups, reductions in PI and GI were observed in the 3-month follow-up period. These indices were significantly lower in the laser-treated sides compared to the conventional group (P<0.05). The Mean PD and CAL were lower at 1 month and 3 months compared to the baseline in both groups (P<0.05). However, these parameters were not statistically different in the treatment groups during these follow-up timelines. An increase in GR was observed from the baseline to 1 month and 3 months with less recession in the laser-treated sides (P=0.016). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser assisted periodontal flap surgery resulted in similar treatment outcomes to the conventional method and may be considered as a safe and effective treatment modality.
RESUMO
Background/Purpose. In terms of the detection of tooth diagnosis, no intelligent detection has been done up till now. Dentists just look at images and then they can detect the diagnosis position in tooth based on their experiences. Using new technologies, scientists will implement detection and repair of tooth diagnosis intelligently. In this paper, we have introduced one intelligent method for detection using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and our mathematical formulation. This method was applied to 2D special images. Using developing of our method, we can detect tooth diagnosis for all of 2D and 3D images. Materials and Methods. In recent years, it is possible to implement intelligent processing of images by high efficiency optimization algorithms in many applications especially for detection of dental caries and restoration without human intervention. In the present work, we explain PSO algorithm with our detection formula for detection of dental caries and restoration. Also image processing helped us to implement our method. And to do so, pictures taken by digital radiography systems of tooth are used. Results and Conclusion. We implement some mathematics formula for fitness of PSO. Our results show that this method can detect dental caries and restoration in digital radiography pictures with the good convergence. In fact, the error rate of this method was 8%, so that it can be implemented for detection of dental caries and restoration. Using some parameters, it is possible that the error rate can be even reduced below 0.5%.
